【戰火縮影三國錢幣】

三國曆史雖短,却最爲精彩。魏、蜀、吳相爭'你死我活。角力斗智，戰火紛飛。戰爭以經濟爲基礎·錢幣丰富多采。

三國初期'貨幣混亂。董卓亂政時、小錢亂制，物價狂漲，民間流行實物交換。曹操任丞相後'禁用小錢，只准用朝廷新損發的五銖'俗稱魏五銖。其錢稍重，物價又貴'許多人毀錢煉銅。銅資源緊張·朝廷難以增鑄"煲幣短缺·物價狂跌。谷價太賤'影響農業。曹操被迫停用五銖。民間流行實物交換。曹丕在黃初二年(二二一)下令再用五銖錢'七個月後又因谷貴停用。此後'北方以谷帛爲一般等價物'實物交換。民間又出現『竞濕谷以要利·作薄網以爲市』,在谷絹上弄虚作假。官府嚴刑仍不能制止。太和元年(二二七)第三次下令使用五銖錢，直到晉朝。

劉備入蜀後，軍用開支無所出'用劉巴的建議'鑄造值百大面額錢相傳劉備甚至取帳鉤鑄銅錢。軍用開支雖解决了，貨幣却大貶值。鑄大額錢的實質是掠奪存錢者，益州豪族受害最大。值百錢最初重八銖'徑一寸一分'後來減至四銖'徑七分;后主時重不足半銖'非常輕、簿、小。蜀漢也鑄有五銖'錢面有内外廓形體小'字划粗'徑二點一厘米,重約二點五克。蜀漢還鑄有一種『傳形五銖』'五字在左'銖字在右'銖字的朱在左。金旁在右'爲漢五銖二字的反書。其錢徑二點二厘米。厚零點一厘米'無廓孔徑零點九厘米。各種錢越來越輕'當它們減到最小時,也就面臨亡國了。與此同時“實物交換在蜀漢流行。

東吳的幣制一度很亂。孫權于嘉禾五年(二三六)鑄『一當五百錢」徑一寸三分，十二銖'兩年後'又鑄『當千錢』，擾一寸四分'重十六銖'後來邀鑄過『值二千』、『值五千』的大面額錢'反映出東吳急于『強盛。的心態。與此同時，幣值很快暴跌，物價亂漲'違法犯禁者太多,刑不能禁。孫權只好于赤烏九年(二四六)下令收回大面額錢。

蜀、吳鑄大面額錢'都先後亡國「魏晉堅持用「五銖」,却最後統一全國。

三國貨幣是中華民族古老文明史中的一串瑰實。一枚枚錢幣濃縮了魏、蜀、吳政治、軍事、經濟、文化風云'與國運攸關。爲弘揚民族文化優秀盪產'成都武侯祠博物館在研究三國文化的同時'收集有關资料'將不同版别的七十六枚魏、蜀、吳珍稀錢幣呈現給大家'以求同仁指正。

已卯年歲末成都武侯祠博物館研究員'羅開玉(博士)、譚良噥

The Coins in The Three Kingdoms Epitomizing The Wars in That Time

The history in the Three Kingdoms (220-280A.D.).being short, but has a very strong appeal.The Wei Kingdom (220-265 A.D.),the Shu Han Kingdom (221-263 A.D.) and the Wu Kingdom(222-280A.D.) fought each other in that time. Economy is the foundation for war, so the coins in the Three Kingdoms are rich and varied.

In the early days of the Three Kingdoms, the currency system was not normal.Dong Zhuo,a warlord being in power, minted small coins. As a result, the prices skyrocketed.Cao Cao declared the prohibition of these small coins, after taking up the post of prime minister, and minted a new kind of Wuzhu coins ( lts popular name is Wei Wuzhu). The new Wuzhu coins were weightier than those coins minted by Dong Zhuo,so many people smelted copper with the new Wuzhu coins when the prices still skyrocketed. The prices slumped because of the shortage of coins later. It infringed upon the interests of the farmers. Cao Cao was compelled to stop using the new Wuzhu coins.Cao Pi,Cao Cao's son and the first emperor of the Wei Kingdom, gave orders to use the Wuzhu coins again in 221 A.D.. Seven months later, the Wei Kingdom stopped using them again because the prices of cereal were very high. From then on, the transactions in kind were popular in the Wei Kingdom.In 227 A.D. this kingdom ordered to use the Wuzhu coins third time, and this usage was up to the Jin Dynasty(265-420A.D.).

Liu Bei, the first emperor of the Shu Han Kingdom, minted one kind of coins with large denominations ( the face value was 100 ) accepting a subordinate Liu Ba's advice when he established his kingdom. It devalued, although Liu Bei could pay his military spending.This kind of coins weighed 8 Zhu, and the diameter was 1 Cun and 1 Fen at first. But the weight reduced to 4 Zhu and the diameter to 7 Fen later on. These coins were light, thin and small very much in the time of Liu Shan, Liu Bei's son and the second emperor of the Shu Han Kingdom. One only weighed half a Zhu, The Shu Han Kingdom also minted one kind of Wuzhu coims. These Wuzhu coins, with inside and outside outlines, are very small. The strokes of the Chinese characters on them are thick. The diameter is 2.1 centimeters and one weighs about 2.5 gram. There is another kind of coins,Zhuan Xing Wuzhu, in this kingdom. They are very special because the Chinese charaters on them are different from them on the common Wuzhu ceins.For example, the charncter “五 ”is on the left, not on the right as the common Wuzhu coins. The character“铢” is on the right, not on the left. The characters“全"and“朱”，forming the character*铢 ”， are on the right and left, not on the left and right. The diameter of this coin is 2.2 centimeters, no outlines. Its thickness is only 0.1 centimeter, and the diameter of the hole on it is 0.9 centimeter. The weights of all coins were gradually reduced in the Shu Han Kingdom, so the transactions in kind were pojular in this kingdom. The kingdom would die out when the weights of its coins were reduced to the limit.

The currency system in the Wu Kingdom was not normal for a time. Sun Quan,the first emperor of this kingdom, minted a kind of coins with large denominations ( the face value was500 ) in 236 A.D... This coin weighed 12 Zhu, and its diameter was 1Cun and 3 Fen.Two years later, he minted another kind of coins with large denominations ( the face value was 1000 ). This coin weighed 16 Zhu, and its diameter was 1 Cun and 4 Fen. There were two other coins with large denominations ( the face values were 2000 and 5000)afterwards. These coins with largc denominations caused the devaluation and the high prices in the kingdom, so Sun Quan was obliged to regain them in 246 A.D..

Two kingdoms, the Shu Han and the Wu, minted the coins with large denominations, and they were destroyed early or late. The Wei Kingdom and the Jin Dynasty persisted in using the Wuzhu coins, and they unified China finally.

The coims in the Three Kingdoms are the gems of ancient Chinese civilization.They reflect the changes of politics, military affairs, economy and culture in that time, and have a direct bearing on the destiny of these kingdoms. In order to propagate the excellent cultural heritage. of the Chinese nation,Chengdu Wu Hou Ci Museum gathers 76 rare coins of the Wei, the Shu Han and the Wu Kingdoms and respectfully presents them to everybody, while researching the history and culture of the Three Kingdoms. Please oblige us with your valuable comments,

Luo Kai.yu    Research fellow in Chengdu Wu Hou Ci Muscum,Doctor

Tan Liang-xiao  Research fellow in Chengdu Wu Hou CiMuscum

at the end of Ji Mao year

此三国时期魏、蜀、吴三国货币因其历史背景、存世量、品相以及版别等因素，目前民间以及博物馆未有出现此品相这么好，种类齐全的三国货币，收藏价值极高。有收藏意向者可关注中国（香港）长江国际拍卖有限公司2025秋季拍卖会。

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During the Three Kingdoms period, the currencies of Wei, Shu, and Wu had a high collection value due to their historical background, existing quantity, appearance, and edition. Currently, there is no such good appearance and complete variety of Three Kingdoms currency in the folk and museums. Those interested in collecting can follow the China (Hong Kong) Changjiang International Auction Co., Ltd. 2025 Autumn Auction.

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